Perspective Taking and Theory of Mind: How Kids Learn Empathy

Sneak peek: The development of social skills and perspective taking or Theory of Mind in kids is one of those milestones that often gets overlooked. By understanding this hidden part of brain development, we have insight into a crucial part of the beginnings of empathy.

As parents, I think one of our main goals is to help our children develop an understanding and empathy for other people. If you are the parent of a toddler, you know that instilling this idea of empathy seems an almost impossible task. There’s a good reason for that – it is almost impossible for a toddler. Most of us know that toddlers (under about 4 years of age) simply don’t have the cognitive or social-emotional development skills to understand what other people might be feeling or thinking. This ability — called perspective taking, or Theory of Mind in psychology — is one of the most overlooked milestones in child development.

Theory of Mind is the ability to understand what another person is feeling or thinking. In other words, it’s the ability to put yourself in someone else’s shoes. This is part of a set of social skills that is the basis for empathy but also is crucial in children learning things like sharing and helping others.

What Is the Difference Between Perspective Taking and Theory of Mind?

Perspective taking and Theory of Mind are closely related, and people often use the terms interchangeably—but they’re not quite the same thing.

Theory of Mind is the broader psychological concept: it’s the underlying cognitive ability to recognize that other people have their own thoughts, feelings, beliefs, and intentions that are separate from your own. It’s the mental “software” that makes it possible to understand that someone else might know, want, or feel something different from what you know, want, or feel.

Perspective taking is Theory of Mind in action. It’s what happens when a child actually uses that cognitive ability in a real moment—noticing a friend is upset and adjusting their behavior, or figuring out why a sibling might be jealous. If Theory of Mind is the capacity, perspective taking is the skill of applying it.

Here’s a simple way I explain it to other parents: Theory of Mind is knowing that other people have their own “movie” playing in their head. Perspective taking is trying to guess what’s actually showing on their screen.

This distinction matters because it shapes how you can help. You can’t rush a child’s underlying cognitive development (Theory of Mind tends to unfold on its own timeline, largely around age 4). But you can give them practice using perspective taking in everyday moments—which is exactly what the strategies below are designed to do.

At What Age Do Children Develop Perspective Taking? 

So how do children learn this important skill of taking another person’s perspective? Researchers have long believed that this ability develops in most kids around 4 years of age. This video gives a great example of the difference between a 3 and 4-year-old in perspective-taking ability (also called Theory of Mind):

After viewing this video, it’s almost as if something magical happens between ages 3 and 4 that helps kids learn this skill. In a sense, this is true. Children’s brains are constantly changing and making new circuits that make new thought processes possible. However, new research is showing that how parents talk to their children may also aid in this perspective-taking ability.

Perspective Taking: Words Matter

A recent study of perspective-taking and Theory of Mind published in the journal Child Development showed that children whose parents described more about how other people might be feeling or thinking had better perspective-taking skills than those whose mothers did not use this descriptive language.

In some respects, this study seems kind of obvious. You would expect that talking to a child about taking another person’s perspective would help them learn this ability. When you really consider this, though, it is pretty amazing. The cognitive skill it takes for a youngster to understand the perspective of another person is pretty complex and to think that just a parent talking to them about this influences how quickly they learn this skill.

You may also enjoy: Social-Emotional Development: The Ultimate Guide for Parents

The other compelling aspect of the study is the finding that children who had delays in language acquisition also had delays in perspective-taking ability. This provides further evidence that the link between language and perspective-taking ability is a real one. The researchers believe that specific aspects of language acquisition (e.g., learning possessive words) help children gain the cognitive flexibility needed to take another person’s perspective.

How Do You Practice Perspective Taking?

1. Point out other children’s emotions when you see them.

Even young children are very aware when other kids get hurt or are upset. Does your child notice or seem concerned when she hears another child crying? Use this as a learning opportunity–talk to your child about how the other child might be feeling. For example, you could ask, “Why is that little boy sad? Do you think he is sad or angry? What do you do when you are sad?”

2. Books can teach lessons.

Kids tend to notice small details about social skills and perspective-taking in books that we might miss. They often ask things like, “Why is that bear sad?” or “Why is that girl laughing?” Take advantage of these situations and explain the emotions you are seeing in the story. Check out this online bookshelf for resources on toddler emotional development.

3. Talk about emotions at home.

Parents have mixed feelings about showing too much emotion in front of kids. We sometimes like to put up a “strong front” and not let our kids see us cry or feel sad. I think there is some value to this—we don’t want to burden our kids with issues that may not be appropriate for their developmental level. However, I don’t think it’s burdensome to let our kids see us as emotional beings from time to time. When we experience the loss of a loved one or are worried about a friend, our kids will probably notice our change in mood. If they ask, you can take the time to explain why you are sad (in kid-appropriate terms). This might give them a bit more insight and empathy for your feelings and those of others.

4. Focus on setting boundaries on behavior, not emotions.

As this great article points out, one key to authoritative parenting (which, by the way, is associated with favorable impacts for kids) is setting boundaries and limits on their behavior, not their emotions. Allow kids the emotional freedom to feel how they feel, even if it’s ugly at times (hello tantrum). Research continues to show that the most effective parents don’t induce guilt trips or psychological tricks. Rather, you can set a firm limit on behavior and help kids cope with the emotions that may follow. Over time, this experience with authentic emotion (and guidance from you) will help them understand the emotions of others.

5. Pretend play and role play.

Young children love pretend play and it just so happens it is an awesome way to encourage perspective-taking skills. Think about it — when a child pretends to be another person or character, they have to understand (at least a bit) that person’s feelings and actions. This is perspective taking in action! They are literally putting themselves into someone else’s shoes to pretend to be that person. Encourage and foster pretend play in young children in any way you can. You might ask your preschooler how the person they are pretending to be would feel or act in different situations. Fun and learning are all wrapped in one activity!

Although this study is interesting, it is worth noting that a child does still have to have a certain degree of cognitive development in order to foster perspective taking and empathy. No matter how much you talk to your 2-year-old about how another person is feeling, they most likely are not going to really understand the other person’s perspective. This use of description language, however, will hopefully help your child later when they have the cognitive maturity to grasp the idea of taking another person’s perspective.

Related reading: Self-Regulation in Toddlers: Why Language Matters More for Boys

Want to understand more about child development milestones and how to support your child? Sign up for The Thoughtful Parent newsletter on Substack. 

FAQs About Perspective Taking

Related Resources:

Stand in My Shoes: Kids Learning About Empathy

The Yes Brain (my favorite parenting book about empathy)

UnSelfie: Why Empathetic Kids Succeed in Our All-About-Me World